The Jalayirid Sultanate

¹ The Jalayir were a Mongol tribal group who had entered Iran with the original Mongol conquest; by the mid-14th century they were thoroughly Persianized, ruling as a Perso-Islamic sultanate from Baghdad and Tabriz rather than as a steppe khanate.

² Sultan Uways I and his court were notable patrons of Persian miniature painting; the “Jalayirid school” at Tabriz and Baghdad directly influenced the later, more famous Timurid and Safavid painting traditions.

³ Ahmad's long, troubled reign was repeatedly interrupted by Timur's invasions of Iraq and western Iran. He was ultimately captured and executed in 1410 by Qara Yusuf, leader of the rival Qara Qoyunlu (“Black Sheep”) Turkmen confederation.

The dynasty limped on for two more decades under a rapid, poorly documented sequence of further claimants controlling only Baghdad and its immediate surroundings, until the Qara Qoyunlu finally annexed the city outright in 1432, ending Jalayirid rule.